Today, science knows of about 280 species of worms to develop, and to live in the human body, sponges in various organs and tissues. The frequency of infection with worms of the people depends on the climatic and socio-economic conditions of certain regions (in the under-developed countries, especially in those that lie in the tropical and subtropical Zone, the level of parasitic infections was significantly higher than in economically developed countries).
Helminthiasis is a disease that is characteristic for the Phase 2 current (acute, from two weeks to two months) and chronic (several months to several years).
The first signs of the disease may be in different periods (usually after 2-3 weeks, when ascariosis – 2-3 days).
In the acute Phase of parasitic infection the most characteristic Symptom of the allergic reaction. Often arise is in the case of the worms, the infected humans on the skin, itchy skin rashes, tend to be relapsing course, the increase in the regional lymph nodes, pain can occur in generalized or local edema, muscle and joint. Also migrating larvae of the parasite cause pain in the chest, cough, difficulty in breathing, disorders of stool, nausea, and vomiting.
In the meantime, the acute Phase of Helminthiasis can lead to serious injury (severe Form of pneumonia, Hepatitis, allergic myocarditis, hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen), meningoencephalitis).
In the blood the number of eosinophils increases and interferes with the normal quantitative relationship between Protein fractions.
Symptoms of the chronic Phase depends on the body "inhabited" parasites, but also play an important role, their size and number.
So, in the presence of parasites in the gut of individuals, the disease can be asymptomatic (with the exception of infections is very large parasites). The characteristic features of the chronic Phase of intestinal Helminthiasis diseases are diarrhea. In children to a greater extent pain pronounced syndrome. In the case of a massive infestation, the development of intestinal obstruction, yellow addiction, and pancreatitis.
Consumes all of their livelihood necessary substances from the body of the host, the worms can cause digestive disorders, Malabsorption of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. At the same time, the food of the vital activity of the worms, the normal microflora of the intestine to inhibit and reduce the body's own immune system.
Pathogens human Helminthiasis are 2 types of worms: round (nematodes) and flat (tape worms and flukes).
Parasites as the reason for the enterobiasis is a smaller (up to 10 mm) thin cavity radiator worms, the grayish-white coloring. The infection occurs through the alimentary (through the mouth). The reason for this – the dirty hands. The eggs of the parasite in the earth, on the fur of infected animals, and unwashed vegetables and fruit, etc. Along with the in this disease, there are cases of self-infection (especially in children), which are due to scratching itchy areas and subsequent ingestion of eggs. The larva pinworms develops within two weeks in the digestive tract. Turned into an adult individual, worm parasitizes in the lower divisions of the small intestine and the upper part of the colon.
Yet in the larval stage of this parasite begins to cause damage to the body of the host, produce enzymes, rasdraschajuschtsche claim on the wall of the intestine and leads to the development of the inflammatory process. Adult parasites, stick, or penetrate into the deeper layers of the mucous membrane of the intestine, violation of its integrity, and the promotion of secondary bacterial infection. In the case of the Perforation of the wall of the small intestine, the possible development of Peritonitis. Also, because of the irritation of the receptors of the intestine motor injured and secretory functions of the digestive tract, leading to the formation of gastroduodenita, Enteritis and so on. In the age of the child duration of the current enterobiasis nervous disorders and cause delay in physical development.
Ascaris is a parasite fusiform shape of the red-yellow color, achieved in the adulthood of 40 cm (females) and 15-25 cm (males). Without suction cups or other devices for fixing, Ascaris able to move independently, contrary to edible compositions. Eggs held in the females of the parasite, together with the feces.
The infection occurs by ingestion of Mature eggs together with the water, or unwashed fruits and vegetables, on which the particles of the soil. After the penetration of the eggs in the intestine of the Mature go of the larvae. Then, penetration in the intestinal wall, reaches the blood stream, the heart, and from there into the lungs inhaled. Through the alveoli larva of the nematode through the Airways again penetrates into the oral cavity. After re-ingestion of the parasite in the small intestine, where the development of the adult individual. The worm lives for 12 months, then dies and stands out together with the feces. In the intestine of a host's life can be as one, and several hundred individuals.
Whip worm, the causative agent of trichuriasis, white is the parasite in the color, parasitic in the initial part of the colon and reached a size of 4-5 cm parasite Feeds on blood and tissue of the mucous membrane of the rectum.
The eggs of whipworms, held the females on the walls of the intestine, to go out together with the kalovymi masses. Their development takes place in the environment (in the soil). Eggs, with larvae of the parasites penetrate into the body through the alimentary, through dirty hands, with water, or with unwashed fruits and vegetables.
The causative agent of trichinosis, a small round parasite is, up to 2-5 mm long. The infection occurs through the consumption of poorly roasted meat. Penetration into the intestine, the larva of the parasite is 3-4 days to ripen to the state of maturity of the individual. The life expectancy of the worm is 40 days, after which the parasite dies. Penetrate into the intestinal wall, the larvae penetrate the bloodstream and in all the organs of the human body, lodged in the muscles. In this case, it is the most muscles, and the muscles-sgibateli extremities affects the respiratory and face.
These two parasites are similar to each other according to biological characteristics, but also by diseases. The worms reach a length of 10-15 mm, parasitize in 12-point colon. It should be noted that this is one of the most common, but at the same time, and only rarely by parasites. The larvae of the worms penetrate the human body through the skin by contact with infected soil. Further, in the bloodstream, you, so, like thread worm, Hiking in the lungs, and then, through the bronchi along with mucous in the digestive tract. Hookworm parasites in the intestine, the mounting height to the intestinal wall. The parasite that feeds exclusively on blood, biting through the mucous membrane of the blood to the skin vessels, the injection end protivosvertawati component. Per day adult individual, on average, of 0.05-0.35 ml of blood can absorb. Therefore, the characteristic is the most Symptom of Helminthiasis, an iron-deficiency anemia, as well as the change in the ratio of protein fractions (dysproteinemia).
It is one of the biggest worms to the length of 10-20 meters. Disease, the information of the parasite, as diphyllobothriasis. The development cycle of the worm starts with fresh water fish or crustaceans. In the human body, the final boss wide lentetsa, the larva coincides with caviar or infected fish fillet. The reach of the small intestine, the parasite attaches itself to its wall, and within a period of 20-25 days to grow to the maturity of the individual.
Diphyllobothriasis runs on the background of disorders of the digestive system, and B12-deficiency anemia.
The parasite causes opisthorchiasis – it is a flat worm has a length of 7-20 mm. the larvae of the parasites start to develop after penetration of the egg in fresh water (from the snails). Further you penetrate into the body of the fish (carp, crucian carp, bream, roach). Human infection occurs through the consumption of infected meat fish, sufficient heat treatment. The larva hepatic shovel from the small intestine penetrates into the bile, bile ducts and the gall bladder, fixing with the help of two suction cups.
These are almost identical in their structure, parasites reach a length of 5-6 meters. The infection occurs through the consumption of meat from bovine animals and pig meat contaminated with cysticerci (one of the intermediate forms of Helminthiasis). Viable cysticerci, the white bubbles in the sizes of 0.5 cm, attach to the wall of the small intestine of man and for 3 months will turn into an adult individual. Band parasite, consisting of more than 2000 segments, which is constantly growing. In finite segments, the eggs, torn down, and even move through the colon to the Anal hole, and then crawl out of the Anus, or in the external environment with the feces. The characteristic symptoms of Helminthiasis is a functional disorder of the digestive tract.
For this parasite, man is a product of the host. The worm is a parasite in the human organism in the Form of fins. The final host of Echinococcus – a Wolf, a dog or cat. The infection occurs through the digestive when in contact with the animals and with the objects of the environment, where it is the eggs of the Echinococcus. After penetration into the gut out of them onkosfery develop. From the intestine they penetrate into the bloodstream and throughout the body.
This parasite is the cause of one of the most dangerous in the Helminthiasis, the by the force of gravity, the flow, similar to cirrhosis and liver cancer. The infection occurs by the penetration of the eggs with the larvae in the intestine. Because the Embryo leaves the egg and penetrate in the intestinal walls, penetrate into the bloodstream. Furthermore, the bloodstream parasite is widespread in all tissues and organs of the body. It is the larvae of the main phase of the development begins. In each chamber, embryonic head contains the parasites, continue to develop gradually. The surrounding tissue due to the interruption of blood vessels, necrotic changes exposed. Spread to nearby structures, alveococcus between forms fibrous node with inclusions of bubbles. This condition can last for several years, in connection with which it requires no surgical intervention.
The diagnosis of parasitic invasions includes the following activities:
In the acute Phase of parasitic infections, patients, detoxification and de-allocated at the end of therapy. In the case of serious diseases, according to medical indications glucocorticoids are used.
As a drug, the specific therapy taking into account the nature of the pathogen protiwogelmintnyje appointed to the special chemotherapy.
Parallel to the patient taking medication for allergies and intestinal chelators is recommended. The last Phase of treatment involves the use of probiotics to normalize the intestinal flora.
Also, a special diet (food should be easily digestible and contain little fat).
During therapy against worms from patients, strict adherence to personal Hygiene requires. At the same time, many of the helminthoses treatment of all family members and persons with infected in constant contact.